Umbuzo wokuba ingaba i-SARS-CoV-2 isasazwa ikakhulu ngamathontsi okanye ii-aerosols uye wanempikiswano enkulu.Sazama ukucacisa le mpikiswano ngohlalutyo lwembali yophando losulelo kwezinye izifo.Kuninzi lwembali yoluntu, i-paradigm eyona nto yayiyeyokuba izifo ezininzi zazithwalwa ngumoya, zihlala zihamba imigama emide kwaye ngendlela engaqhelekanga.Le paradigm ye-miasmatic yacelwa umngeni phakathi ukuya ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ngokunyuka kwethiyori yentsholongwane, kwaye njengezifo ezinje ngekholera, i-puerperal fever, kunye nesifo seengcongconi zafunyaniswa ukuba zisasazeka ngezinye iindlela.Ekhuthazwa ziimbono zakhe ngokubaluleka kokunxibelelana / ukusuleleka kosulelo, kunye nochaso awadibana nalo kwimpembelelo eseleyo yethiyori ye-miasma, igosa lezempilo likarhulumente elaziwayo uCharles Chapin ngo-1910 wanceda ekuqaliseni utshintsho oluyimpumelelo lweparadigm, ecinga ukuba usasazo lomoya luyinto engenakwenzeka.Le paradigm entsha yaba yeyona ibalaseleyo.Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kokuqonda kwee-aerosols kukhokelele kwiimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo ekutolikeni ubungqina bophando kwiindlela zothumelo.Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ezayo, ukuhanjiswa emoyeni kwakucingwa njengento engabalulekanga okanye engabalulekanga kuzo zonke izifo eziphambili zokuphefumla, de kube umboniso wokuhanjiswa emoyeni kwesifo sephepha (esicingelwa ukuba sisasazwa ngamathontsi) ngo-1962. eyongamileyo, kwaye zizifo ezimbalwa kuphela ezamkelwa ngokubanzi njengezomoya phambi kwe-COVID-19: ezo zazigqithiselwe ngokucacileyo kubantu abangekho kwigumbi elinye.Ukukhawuleziswa kophando lwezifundo ezahlukeneyo oluphefumlelwe ngubhubhani we-COVID-19 kubonise ukuba usulelo lomoya yeyona ndlela iphambili yosulelo lwesi sifo, kwaye lunokubaluleka kwizifo ezininzi ezosulelayo zokuphefumla.
Iimpembelelo Eziluncedo
Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, bekukho ukuxhathisa ukwamkela ukuba izifo zisasazeke ngomoya, ebeziyingozi kakhulu ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19.Esona sizathu siphambili sokuxhathisa sikwimbali yokuqonda kwenzululwazi ukosulelo lwezifo: Ukusasaza ngomoya kwakucingwa ukuba yeyona nto iphambili kwimbali yoluntu, kodwa i-pendulum yajikela kude kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.Kangangamashumi eminyaka, akukho sifo sibalulekileyo ekucingelwa ukuba siqhutywa ngumoya.Ngokucacisa le mbali kunye neempazamo ezisekelwe kuyo ezisaqhubekayo, sinethemba lokuququzelela inkqubela kulo mmandla kwixesha elizayo.
Ubhubhani we-COVID-19 ukhuthaze ingxoxo eshushu malunga neendlela zosulelo lwentsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2, ebandakanya ubukhulu becala iindlela ezintathu: Okokuqala, impembelelo yamathontsi “atshizwe” emehlweni, emathatheni, okanye emlonyeni, athi ngenye indlela awe phantsi. kufutshane nomntu osulelekileyo.Okwesibini, ngokubamba, nokuba kukudibana ngqo nomntu osulelekileyo, okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ngokudibana nendawo engcolisekileyo (“fomite”) elandelwa ngokuzigocagoca ngokuchukumisa ingaphakathi lamehlo, impumlo, okanye umlomo.Okwesithathu, xa uphefumla ii-aerosols, ezinye zazo ezinokuthi zihlale zixhonywe emoyeni kangangeeyure (“i-airborne transmission”).1,2
Imibutho yezempilo yoluntu kubandakanya uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) ekuqaleni yabhengeza ukuba intsholongwane isasazeke ngamathontsi amakhulu awele emhlabeni kufutshane nomntu osulelekileyo, kunye nokuchukumisa indawo engcolisekileyo.I-WHO yabhengeza ngo-Matshi 28, 2020, ukuba i-SARS-CoV-2 yayingekho moya (ngaphandle kwakwimeko “yeenkqubo zonyango ezivelisa i-aerosol”) kwaye “yayilulwazi olungelulo” ukutsho ngenye indlela.3Eli cebiso liyangqubana nelo lezazinzulu ezininzi ezathi usasazo ngenqwelomoya lunokuba negalelo elikhulu.umz. Ref.4-9Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-WHO ngokuthe ngcembe yasithambisa esi simo: okokuqala, ukuvuma ukuba usasazo ngenqwelomoya lwalunokwenzeka kodwa akunakwenzeka;10ke, ngaphandle kwengcaciso, ukukhuthaza indima yokungena komoya ngoNovemba 2020 ukulawula ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane (eluncedo kuphela ekulawuleni iintsholongwane zomoya);11emva koko ibhengeze nge-30 ka-Epreli 2021, ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwe-SARS-CoV-2 nge-aerosols kubalulekile (ngelixa ungasebenzisi igama elithi "airborne").12Nangona igosa eliphezulu le-WHO lavuma kudliwano-ndlebe noonondaba malunga nelo xesha ukuba “isizathu sokuba sikhuthaze ukungena komoya kukuba le ntsholongwane inokuhamba emoyeni,” bakwathi bayakuphepha ukusebenzisa igama elithi “inqwelomoya.”13Ekugqibeleni ngoDisemba ka-2021, i-WHO yahlaziya iphepha elinye kwiwebhusayithi yayo ukuze ichaze ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuhanjiswa ngomoya omfutshane kunye nobude obude kubalulekile, ngelixa iphinda icacise ukuba "usasazo lwe-aerosol" kunye "nokusasazwa ngomoya" zizithethantonye.14Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwelo phepha lewebhu, inkcazo yentsholongwane njenge "moya" iyaqhubeka nokungabikho ngokupheleleyo kunxibelelwano lukawonkewonke lwe-WHO ukusukela ngoMatshi ka-2022.
Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC) eUnited States alandele indlela ehambelanayo: okokuqala, echaza ukubaluleka kokudluliselwa kwamaconsi;ke, ngoSeptemba ka-2020, ithumela ngokufutshane kwiwebhusayithi yayo ukwamkelwa kosulelo lomoya olwathi lwehliswa kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva;15kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngoMeyi 7, 2021, ukuvuma ukuba i-aerosol inhalation ibalulekile ekugqithiseni.16Nangona kunjalo, i-CDC ihlala isebenzisa igama elithi "ithontsi lokuphefumla," elinxulunyaniswa ngokubanzi namathontsi amakhulu awela emhlabeni ngokukhawuleza.17ukubhekisa kwii-aerosols,18ukudala ukubhideka okukhulu.19Akukho mbutho ukhankanye utshintsho kwiinkomfa zeendaba okanye amaphulo onxibelelwano amakhulu.20Ngelixa olu kwamkelwa lulinganiselweyo lwenziwa yimibutho yomibini, ubungqina bosulelo ngenqwelomoya baqokelelene, kwaye izazinzulu ezininzi kunye noogqirha bezonyango babechaza ukuba usulelo ngenqwelomoya yayingeyondlela nje yosulelo, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukubaephambiliindlela.21Ngo-Agasti ka-2021, i-CDC yatsho ukuba usulelo lwe-delta ye-SARS-CoV-2 eyahlukileyo isondele kwi-chickenpox, intsholongwane eyosulela kakhulu emoyeni.22Umahluko we-omicron owavela ngasekupheleni kuka-2021 wabonakala ngathi yintsholongwane esasazeka ngokukhawuleza, ebonisa inani eliphezulu lokuzala kunye nexesha elifutshane le-serial.23
Ukwamkelwa okucothayo kakhulu nokwenzekeleyo kobungqina bokusasazeka emoyeni kwe-SARS-CoV-2 yimibutho emikhulu yezempilo yoluntu kube negalelo kulawulo olululo lobhubhane, ngelixa izibonelelo zamanyathelo okhuseleko ngokuchasene nokusasazeka kwe-aerosol zisekwe kakuhle.24-26Ukwamkelwa kobu bungqina ngokukhawuleza bekuya kukhuthaza izikhokelo ezibonisa imithetho eyahlulayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kugxilwe kakhulu kwimisebenzi yangaphandle, isincomo sangaphambili seemaski, ngakumbi nangaphambili ugxininiso lokufaneleka kwemaski kunye nesihluzo esingcono, kunye nemithetho yokunxiba imaski ngaphakathi nangaphandle. umgama ovela eluntwini unokugcinwa, ukungena komoya, kunye nokuhluzwa.Ukwamkelwa kwangethuba bekuya kuvumela ugxininiso olukhulu kula manyathelo, kwaye kuncitshiswe ixesha elininzi kunye nemali echithwe kumanyathelo afana nokubulala iintsholongwane kumphezulu kunye nezithintelo ze-plexiglass ezisecaleni, ezingasebenziyo kuthumelo lomoya kwaye, kwimeko yamva, zinokuthi zingabinamveliso.29,30
Kwakutheni ukuze le mibutho icothe kangaka, yaye kwakutheni ukuze kubekho ukuchaswa okungaka kotshintsho?Iphepha langaphambili lithathele ingqalelo umba wenkunzi yenzululwazi (iminqweno) ngokwembono yezentlalo.31Ukuphepha iindleko eziyanyaniswa namanyathelo afunekayo okulawula ukusasazeka emoyeni, njengezixhobo ezingcono zokuzikhusela (PPE) kubasebenzi bezempilo.32kunye nokuphucula umoya33kusenokwenzeka ukuba uye wadlala indima ethile.Abanye bachaze ukulibaziseka ngokwembono yeengozi ezinxulumene ne-N95 respirators32ezithe, nangona kunjalo, zaphikiswa34okanye ngenxa yolawulo olulambathayo lwempahla engxamisekileyo ekhokelela kunqongophalo kwangethuba kubhubhane.umz. Ref.35
Ingcaciso eyongezelelweyo engabonelelwanga zezo zipapasho, kodwa ehambelana ngokupheleleyo neziphumo zabo, kukuba ukuthandabuza ukuqwalasela okanye ukwamkela ingcamango yosasazo lwe-pathogens ngomoya, ngokuyinxenye, kwakungenxa yempazamo yengqiqo eyaziswa kwinkulungwane eyadlulayo. kwaye yamiliselwa kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokuthintela usulelo: imfundiso yokuba ukuhanjiswa kwezifo zokuphefumla kubangelwa ngamathontsi amakhulu, kwaye ke, iinzame zokunciphisa amathontsi ziya kuba zilungile ngokwaneleyo.La maziko nawo abonise ukungafuni ukulungelelanisa naxa kukho ubungqina, ngokuhambelana neethiyori zezentlalo nezenzululwazi malunga nendlela abantu abalawula amaziko abanokuluxhathisa ngayo utshintsho, ngakumbi ukuba lubonakala lusongela indawo yabo;indlela i-groupthink inokusebenza ngayo, ngakumbi xa abantu bekhusela xa bejongene nomngeni wangaphandle;kunye nendlela inzululwazi yendaleko enokwenzeka ngayo ngotshintsho lweparadigm, nanjengoko abakhuseli beparadigm endala bexhathisa ukwamkela ukuba enye ithiyori inenkxaso engcono kubungqina obukhoyo.36-38Ke, ukuqonda ukuzingisa kwale mpazamo, siye safuna ukuphonononga imbali yayo, kunye nokusasazeka kwezifo emoyeni ngokubanzi, kwaye siqaqambise iindlela eziphambili ezikhokelele ekubeni ithiyori yedroplet ibe yeyona ibalaseleyo.
Ivela ku- https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-27-2022