Umbuzo wokuba ingaba i-SARS-CoV-2 idluliselwa ikakhulu ngamathontsi okanye ii-aerosols uye waba yimpikiswano enkulu na. Sizame ukuchaza le mpikiswano ngohlalutyo lwembali lophando lokudluliselwa kwezinye izifo. Uninzi lwembali yoluntu, indlela ebalaseleyo yayikukuba izifo ezininzi zazithwalwa ngumoya, zihlala zikude kwaye ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Le ndlela engaqhelekanga yaphikiswa phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ngokuvela kwethiyori yentsholongwane, kwaye njengoko izifo ezifana nekholera, umkhuhlane we-puerperal, kunye ne-malaria kwafunyaniswa ukuba zisasazeka ngezinye iindlela. Eshukunyiswa ziimbono zakhe ngokubaluleka kosulelo loqhagamshelwano/amathontsi, kunye nokuchasana awakufumanayo kwimpembelelo eseleyo yethiyori ye-miasma, igosa eliphambili lezempilo yoluntu uCharles Chapin ngo-1910 lanceda ekuqaliseni utshintsho oluphumelelayo lwendlela, nto leyo eyayibonakala ngathi ayinokwenzeka. Le ndlela intsha yaba yeyona iphambili. Nangona kunjalo, ukungaziqondi ii-aerosols kwakhokelela kwiimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo ekutolikweni kobungqina bophando kwiindlela zokudluliselwa. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyalandelayo, ukudluliselwa kwesifo ngomoya kwakuthathwa njengento engabalulekanga kangako okanye engabalulekanga kangako kuzo zonke izifo eziphambili zokuphefumla, de kwaba kukubonakaliswa kokudluliselwa kwesifo sephepha emoyeni (ekwakucingelwa ukuba sidluliselwa ngamathontsi) ngo-1962. Ingcamango yokunxibelelana/ithontsi yahlala iphambili, kwaye zimbalwa izifo ezamkelwa ngokubanzi njengezidluliselwa emoyeni ngaphambi kwe-COVID-19: ezo zazidluliselwa ngokucacileyo kubantu ababengekho kwigumbi elinye. Ukukhawuleziswa kophando oluphakathi kwezifundo eziphefumlelwe ngubhubhane we-COVID-19 kubonise ukuba ukudluliselwa kwesifo emoyeni yindlela ephambili yokudluliselwa kwesi sifo, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubalulekile kwizifo ezininzi ezisulelayo zokuphefumla.
Iziphumo Ezisebenzayo
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, bekukho ukungavumi ukwamkela ukuba izifo zisasazeka emoyeni, nto leyo eyayiyonakalisa kakhulu ngexesha lobhubhane we-COVID-19. Isizathu esiphambili sale nkcaso sikwimbali yokuqonda kwesayensi ukusasazeka kwezifo: Ukusasazeka emoyeni kwakucingelwa ukuba kuphambili kwixesha elininzi lembali yoluntu, kodwa i-pendulum yajika kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, akukho sifo sibalulekileyo esasicingelwa ukuba sihamba emoyeni. Ngokucacisa le mbali kunye neempazamo ezisekelwe kuyo ezisaqhubeka, sinethemba lokuba siza kwenza kube lula ukuqhubela phambili kweli candelo kwixesha elizayo.
Ubhubhane we-COVID-19 ukhuthaze ingxoxo enzulu malunga neendlela zokudlulisela intsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2, ebandakanya ikakhulu iindlela ezintathu: Okokuqala, impembelelo yamathontsi “e-sprayborne” emehlweni, empumlweni, okanye emlonyeni, awela phantsi kufutshane nomntu osulelekileyo. Okwesibini, ngokuchukumisa, nokuba kukunxibelelana ngqo nomntu osulelekileyo, okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ngokudibana nomphezulu ongcolisiweyo ("fomite") kulandele ukuzigonyela ngokuchukumisa ingaphakathi lamehlo, impumlo, okanye umlomo. Okwesithathu, xa kuphefumlwa ii-aerosols, ezinye zazo zinokuhlala zixhonywe emoyeni kangangeeyure (“ukudluliselwa komoya”).1,2
Imibutho yezempilo yoluntu kuquka neWorld Health Organisation (WHO) ekuqaleni yabhengeza ukuba le ntsholongwane idluliselwa ngamathontsi amakhulu awela emhlabeni kufutshane nomntu osulelekileyo, kunye nokuchukumisa iindawo ezingcolisiweyo. I-WHO yabhengeza ngokugxininisa ngomhla wama-28 kuMatshi 2020, ukuba i-SARS-CoV-2 yayingekho emoyeni (ngaphandle kwemeko "yeenkqubo zonyango ezivelisa i-aerosol") kwaye "yayilulwazi olungachanekanga" ukutsho okwahlukileyo.3Le ngcebiso yayiphikisana neyezazinzulu ezininzi ezazisithi ukudluliselwa komoya kusenokwenzeka ukuba kube negalelo elikhulu. umz. Ref.4-9Ekuhambeni kwexesha, i-WHO yathamba kancinci kancinci kule meko: okokuqala, ivuma ukuba ukudluliselwa komoya kunokwenzeka kodwa akunakwenzeka;10emva koko, ngaphandle kwengcaciso, kukhuthazwa indima yomoya ngoNovemba 2020 ukulawula ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane (eluncedo kuphela ekulawuleni iintsholongwane ezibangelwa kumoya);11emva koko wabhengeza ngo-Epreli 30, 2021, ukuba ukudluliselwa kwe-SARS-CoV-2 ngee-aerosols kubalulekile (nangona ungasebenzisi igama elithi "airborne").12Nangona igosa eliphezulu le-WHO livumile kudliwanondlebe nabezindaba malunga nelo xesha ukuba “isizathu sokuba sikhuthaze ukuphefumla kukuba le ntsholongwane inokuba semoyeni,” bakwathi bayakuphepha ukusebenzisa igama elithi “airborne.”13Ekugqibeleni ngoDisemba ka-2021, i-WHO ihlaziye iphepha elinye kwiwebhusayithi yayo ukuze icacise ngokucacileyo ukuba ukusasazwa emoyeni okufutshane nokude kubalulekile, ngelixa ikwacacisa ukuba "ukusasazwa kwe-aerosol" kunye "nokusasazwa emoyeni" zizinto ezifanayo.14Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwelo phepha lewebhu, inkcazo yentsholongwane "njenge-airborne" isaqhubeka ingekho kwaphela kunxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke lwe-WHO ukusukela ngoMatshi 2022.
IZiko loLawulo lweZifo kunye nokuThintela (i-CDC) eMelika lilandele indlela efanayo: okokuqala, lichaza ukubaluleka kokudluliselwa kwamaconsi; emva koko, ngoSeptemba 2020, lathumela ngokufutshane kwiwebhusayithi yalo ukwamkelwa kokudluliselwa ngomoya okwasuswa emva kweentsuku ezintathu;15kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngoMeyi 7, 2021, sivuma ukuba ukuphefumla nge-aerosol kubalulekile ekudluliseleni.16Nangona kunjalo, i-CDC isoloko isebenzisa igama elithi “respiratory droplet,” ngokubanzi linxulunyaniswa namathontsi amakhulu awela emhlabeni ngokukhawuleza,17ukubhekisa kwii-aerosols,18kudala ukudideka okukhulu.19Akukho nanye kwezi ntlangano ikhankanyileyo utshintsho kwiingqungquthela zabezindaba okanye kwiiphulo zonxibelelwano ezinkulu.20Ngexesha lokungeniswa okulinganiselweyo yimibutho yomibini, ubungqina bokudluliselwa komoya babuqokelelene, kwaye izazinzulu ezininzi kunye noogqirha babesithi ukudluliselwa komoya kwakungeyondlela yokudlulisela nje kuphela, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukubaobalaseleyoimo.21Ngo-Agasti ka-2021, i-CDC yathi ukusasazeka kwe-delta SARS-CoV-2 variant kusondela kwi-chickenpox, intsholongwane esasazeka kakhulu emoyeni.22Uhlobo lwe-omicron olwavela ngasekupheleni kuka-2021 lubonakala ngathi yintsholongwane esasazeka ngokukhawuleza, ebonisa inani eliphezulu lokuzala kunye nexesha elifutshane lokulandelelana.23
Ukwamkelwa kancinci nangokungacwangciswanga kobungqina bokusasazeka kwe-SARS-CoV-2 emoyeni yimibutho ephambili yezempilo yoluntu kube negalelo ekulawuleni ubhubhane ngendlela engafanelekanga, ngelixa iingenelo zamanyathelo okukhusela ukusasazeka kwe-aerosol ziya zisanda.24-26Ukwamkelwa ngokukhawuleza kobu bungqina bekuya kukhuthaza izikhokelo ezazichaza imithetho yangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukugxila ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yangaphandle, ukucetyiswa kwangaphambili kweemaski, ukugxininiswa ngakumbi nangakumbi ekulinganeni ngcono kweemaski kunye nokuhluza, kunye nemithetho yokunxiba iimaski ngaphakathi nangona umgama ungagcinwa, umoya ophumayo, kunye nokuhluzwa. Ukwamkelwa kwangaphambili bekuya kuvumela ukugxininiswa okukhulu kwezi nyathelo, kwaye kunciphise ixesha elininzi kunye nemali echithwa kwimilinganiselo efana nokucoca umphezulu kunye nemiqobo ye-plexiglass ecaleni, engasebenzi kakuhle ekudluliseleni emoyeni kwaye, kwimeko yokugqibela, inokuba yinto engalunganga.29,30
Kutheni le mibutho yayicotha kangaka, kwaye kutheni kwakukho ukuchasana okungaka notshintsho? Iphepha langaphambili laliqwalasele umba wemali yesayensi (izilangazelelo ezinikezelweyo) ngokwembono yezentlalo.31Ukuphepha iindleko ezinxulumene namanyathelo afunekayo ukulawula ukudluliselwa komoya, njengezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezingcono (i-PPE) zabasebenzi bezempilo32kunye nokuphucula umoya33kusenokwenzeka ukuba idlale indima. Abanye bachaze ukulibaziseka ngokwembono yeengozi ezinxulumene neziphefumli ze-N9532nangona kunjalo, eziye zaphikiswana ngazo34okanye ngenxa yokulawulwa kakubi kwezinto ezigciniweyo ezingxamisekileyo ezikhokelela ekunqongophaleni kwasekuqaleni kobhubhane. umz. Ref.35
Ingcaciso eyongezelelweyo enganikwanga zezo ncwadi, kodwa ehambelana ngokupheleleyo neziphumo zazo, kukuba ukuthandabuza ukuqwalasela okanye ukwamkela ingcamango yokudluliselwa kwezifo emoyeni, ngokuyinxenye, kwakubangelwa yimpazamo yengcinga eyaziswa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu eyadlulayo yaza yangena kwiindawo zempilo yoluntu kunye nokuthintela usulelo: imfundiso yokuba ukudluliselwa kwezifo zokuphefumla kubangelwa ngamathontsi amakhulu, kwaye ke ngoko, imizamo yokunciphisa amathontsi iya kuba yanele. La maziko akwabonisa ukungafuni ukulungisa nokuba kukho ubungqina, ngokuhambelana neengcamango zezentlalo neze-epistemological zendlela abantu abalawula amaziko abanokumelana ngayo notshintsho, ingakumbi ukuba lubonakala lusongela isikhundla sabo; indlela yokucinga ngeqela enokuthi isebenze ngayo, ingakumbi xa abantu bezikhusela xa bejongene nomngeni wangaphandle; kunye nendlela indaleko yesayensi enokwenzeka ngayo ngokutshintsha kweparadigm, nangona abakhuseli beparadigm endala bengafuni ukwamkela ukuba ithiyori eyahlukileyo inenkxaso engcono kubungqina obukhoyo.36-38Ngoko ke, ukuze siqonde ukuqhubeka kwale mpazamo, sifuna ukuphonononga imbali yayo, kunye nokusasazeka kwezifo emoyeni ngokubanzi, size sigxininise iindlela eziphambili ezikhokelele ekubeni ithiyori yamaconsi ibe yinto exhaphakileyo.
Ivela ku-https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Ixesha lokuthumela: Sep-27-2022